The detection of solid phosphorus and fluorine in the dust from the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Here, we report the detection of phosphorus and fluorine in solid particles collected from the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko measured with the COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyser (COSIMA) instrument on-board the Rosetta spacecraft, only a few kilometers away from the comet nucleus. We have detected phosphorus-containing minerals from the presented COSIMA mass spectra, and can rule out e.g. apatite minerals as the source of phosphorus. This result completes the detection of life-necessary CHNOPS-elements in solid cometary matter, indicating cometary delivery as a potential source of these elements to the young Earth. Fluorine was also detected with CF+ secondary ions originating from the cometary dust. </p

Nitrogen-to-carbon atomic ratio measured by COSIMA in the particles of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

The COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer (COSIMA) on board the Rosetta mission has analysed numerous cometary dust particles collected at very low velocities (a few m s−1) in the environment of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P). In these particles, carbon and nitrogen are expected mainly to be part of the organic matter. We have measured the nitrogen-to-carbon (N/C) atomic ratio of 27 cometary particles. It ranges from 0.018 to 0.06 with an averaged value of 0.035 ± 0.011. This is compatible with the measurements of the particles of comet 1P/Halley and is in the lower range of the values measured in comet 81P/Wild 2 particles brought back to Earth by the Stardust mission. Moreover, the averaged value found in 67P particles is also similar to the one found in the insoluble organic matter extracted from CM, CI and CR carbonaceous chondrites and to the bulk values measured in most interplanetary dust particles and micrometeorites. The close agreement of the N/C atomic ratio in all these objects indicates that their organic matters share some similarities and could have a similar chemical origin. Furthermore, compared to the abundances of all the detected elements in the particles of 67P and to the elemental solar abundances, the nitrogen is depleted in the particles and the nucleus of 67P as was previously inferred also for comet 1P/Halley. This nitrogen depletion could constrain the formation scenarios of cometary nuclei.</p

Carbon-rich dust in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko measured by COSIMA/Rosetta

Cometary ices are rich in CO2, CO and organic volatile compounds, but the carbon content of cometary dust was only measured for the Oort Cloud comet 1P/Halley, during its flyby in 1986. The COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer (COSIMA)/Rosetta mass spectrometer analysed dust particles with sizes ranging from 50 to 1000 μm, collected over 2 yr, from 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P), a Jupiter family comet. Here, we report 67P dust composition focusing on the elements C and O. It has a high carbon content (atomic |${\rm{C}}/{\rm{Si}} = 5.5{\rm{\ }}_{ - 1.2}^{ + 1.4}\ \ {\rm{on\ average}}$ |⁠) close to the solar value and comparable to the 1P/Halley data. From COSIMA measurements, we conclude that 67P particles are made of nearly 50 per cent organic matter in mass, mixed with mineral phases that are mostly anhydrous. The whole composition, rich in carbon and non-hydrated minerals, points to a primitive matter that likely preserved its initial characteristics since the comet accretion in the outer regions of the protoplanetary disc.</p

Caractérisation de la matière organique contenue dans les particules de la comète 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko par spectrométrie de masse avec l'instrument COSIMA de la sonde Rosetta

After a ten-year journey, the European spacecraft Rosetta arrived at comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P/C-G) on August 6, 2014. In order to conduct intensive research for twenty six months, a total of 21 instruments were on board the Rosetta orbiter and the Philae lander.The time-of-flight secondary ions mass spectrometer, COSIMA (COmetary Secondary Ions Mass Analyzer), was one of the orbiter instruments and was designed for in situ analysis of the chemical composition of cometary particles ejected from the comet 67P/C-G. This thesis aims to characterize the refractory organic component of the cometary dust, with the COSIMA instrument.As part of this work, I have developed and applied a methodology to analyze the cometary mass spectra, more specifically in the positive mode of the instrument. Using this methodology, five organic ions of cometary origin were detected and identified: C+ (m/z = 12.00), CH+ (m/z = 13.01), CH2+ (m/z = 14.02), CH3+ (m/z = 15.02) and C2H3+ (m/z = 27.02).The characterization of this organic component has been carried out with calibration mass spectra. The reference compounds used during this thesis include pure organic molecules and cometary organic matter analogs, such as natural samples (carbonaceous chondrites, ultracarbonaceous micrometeorite, insoluble organic matter extracted from carbonaceous chondrites) and one sample synthetized in the laboratory. The best analogue found so far to the refractory component of 67P/C-G particles is the insoluble organic matter extracted from carbonaceous chondrites. The cometary organic matter would be of high-molecular-weight and the carbon bounded in very large macromolecular compounds.Carbon is also one of the most abundant element in the dust particles with an elemental ratio of C⁄Si = 5,5 +1.4⁄-1.2. Comet 67P/C-G is among the most carbon-rich bodies of the solar system.Finally, a specific compound was sought, the polyoxymethylene. However, indicators developed and applied to the cometary data do not allow to conclude on the presence of polyoxymethylene in the particles analyzed by COSIMA.La sonde spatiale européenne Rosetta, après un voyage de dix années, a rejoint le 6 août 2014 son objet d’étude, la comète 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P/C-G). Afin de l’étudier de manière intensive durant vingt-six mois, un total de 21 instruments était embarqué sur l’orbiteur Rosetta et l’atterrisseur Philae.Le spectromètre de masse d’ions secondaires à temps de vol, COSIMA (COmetary Secondary Ions Mass Analyzer), était l’un des instruments de l’orbiteur et a été conçu pour analyser in situ la composition chimique des particules solides éjectées de la comète 67P/C-G. L’objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser la composante organique réfractaire contenue dans les poussières cométaires, à l’aide de l’instrument COSIMA.Dans le cadre de ces travaux, j’ai mis au point au point et appliqué une méthodologie pour analyser les spectres de masse cométaires, plus particulièrement dans le mode positif de l’instrument. À l’aide de cette méthodologie, cinq ions organiques d’origine cométaire ont été détectés et identifiés : C+ (m/z = 12,00), CH+ (m/z = 13,01), CH2+ (m/z = 14,02), CH3+ (m/z = 15,02) et C2H3+ (m/z = 27,02).La caractérisation de cette composante organique a été effectuée à l’aide de spectres de masse de calibration. Les composés de référence utilisés dans ces travaux de thèse incluent des molécules organiques pures et des analogues de la matière organique cométaire, tels que des échantillons naturels (des météorites carbonées, une micrométéorite ultracarbonée, de la matière organique insoluble extraite de météorites carbonées) et un échantillon synthétisé en laboratoire. La matière organique insoluble extraite des chondrites carbonées est, à ce jour, le meilleur analogue à la matière organique réfractaire contenue dans les particules de 67P/C-G. Ainsi, la matière organique cométaire serait de haut poids moléculaire et le carbone lié dans de grandes structures macromoléculaires.Le carbone est également l’un des éléments les plus abondants dans les particules avec un rapport C⁄Si = 5,5 +1,4⁄-1,2. La comète 67P/C-G figure ainsi parmi les corps les plus riches en carbone du système solaire.Enfin, un composé spécifique a été recherché, le polyoxyméthylène. Cependant, les indicateurs développés et appliqués aux données cométaires ne permettent pas de conclure quant à sa présence dans les particules analysées par COSIMA

Antioxidant power measurement in platelet concentrates treated by two pathogen inactivation systems in different blood centres.

The antioxidant power measurement can be useful to validate the execution of the pathogen inactivation treatment of platelet concentrates. The aim of this study is to evaluate the technology on different blood preparations including INTERCEPT and Mirasol treatments that are in routine use in Belgium and Luxemburg. The antioxidant power measurement was tested on 78 apheresis platelet concentrates and 54 pools of buffy-coats-derived platelet concentrates before and after INTERCEPT treatment. In addition, 100 Reveos platelet pools were tested before and after Mirasol treatment. The antioxidant power was quantified electrochemically using disposable devices and was expressed as equivalent ascorbic acid concentration. Mean results for apheresis platelet concentrates were of 90 ± 14 and 35 ± 10 µmol/l eq. ascorbic acid before and after INTERCEPT treatment, respectively. The mean results for pools of buffy-coats-derived platelet concentrates were of 81 ± 10 and 29 ± 4 eq. µmol/l ascorbic acid before and after INTERCEPT treatment, respectively. For buffy-coats-derived platelet concentrates treated by Mirasol technology, the mean results were of 98 ± 11 and 32 ± 10 µmol/l eq. ascorbic acid before and after illumination, respectively. The antioxidant power significantly decreases with pathogen inactivation treatments for platelet concentrates treated by INTERCEPT or Mirasol technologies

The detection of solid phosphorus and fluorine in the dust from the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

International audienceHere, we report the detection of phosphorus and fluorine in solid particles collected from the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko measured with the COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyser (COSIMA) instrument on-board the Rosetta spacecraft, only a few kilometers away from the comet nucleus. We have detected phosphorus-containing minerals from the presented COSIMA mass spectra, and can rule out e.g. apatite minerals as the source of phosphorus. This result completes the detection of life-necessary CHNOPS-elements in solid cometary matter, indicating cometary delivery as a potential source of these elements to the young Earth. Fluorine was also detected with CF + secondary ions originating from the cometary dust

Significance of variables for discrimination: Applied to the search of organic ions in mass spectra measured on cometary particles

International audienceThe instrument Cometary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer (COSIMA) on board of the European Space Agency mission Rosetta to the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is a secondary ion mass spectrometer with a time-of-flight mass analyzer. It collected near the comet several thousand particles, imaged them, and analyzed the elemental and chemical compositions of their surfaces. In this study, variables have been generated from the spectral data covering the mass ranges of potential C-, H-, N-, and O-containing ions. The variable importance in binary discriminations between spectra measured on cometary particles and those measured on the target background has been estimated by the univariate t test and the multivariate methods discriminant partial least squares, random forest, and a robust method based on the log ratios of all variable pairs. The results confirm the presence of organic substances in cometary matter—probably a complex macromolecular mixture

Composition of cometary particles collected during two periods of the Rosetta mission: multivariate evaluation of mass spectral data

International audienceThe instrument COSIMA (COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer) onboard of the European Space Agency mission Rosetta collected and analyzed dust particles in the neighborhood of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The chemical composition of the particle surfaces was characterized by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. A set of 2213 spectra has been selected, and relative abundances for CH-containing positive ions as well as positive elemental ions define a set of multivariate data with nine variables. Evaluation by complementary chemometric techniques shows different compositions of sample groups collected during two periods of the mission. The first period was August to November 2014 (far from the Sun); the second period was January 2015 to February 2016 (nearer to the Sun). The applied data evaluation methods consider the compositional nature of the mass spectral data and comprise robust principal component analysis as well as classification with discriminant partial least squares regression, k-nearest neighbor search, and random forest decision trees. The results indicate a high importance of the relative abundances of the secondary ions C + and Fe + for the group separation and demonstrate an enhanced content of carbon-containing substances in samples collected in the period with smaller distances to the Sun. K E Y W O R D S comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, KNN classification, random forest classification, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, variable importanc

H/C elemental ratios of the refractory organic matter in cometary particles of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

International audienceFor two years, the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer COSIMA (COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyzer), on board the Rosetta orbiter, performed in situ analyses of the dust particles ejected from the comet 67P/ChuryumovGerasimenko. Exploiting different analyses of organic analogs that have been analyzed via the COSIMA reference model, we are now able to estimate the H/C elemental ratio of the 67P cometary particles